Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are part of any drug that produces the desired effect. Some drugs, such as combination therapy, have a variety of active ingredients that can treat different symptoms or work in different ways.
All drugs consist of two core components: the API (which is the main component) and the excipient (a substance other than the drug that helps deliver the drug to the system). An excipient is a chemically inert substance, such as lactose or mineral oil in a pill.
Manufacturers use certain criteria to determine the strength of the API in each drug. However, standards vary widely from brand to brand. Each brand may use a different test method, which may result in different effects.
In all cases, the FDA requires manufacturers to demonstrate the effectiveness of their products in real life and under laboratory conditions.
The quality of the API has a significant impact on the efficacy of the drug (producing the desired results) and the safety of the drug. Poor-quality APIs or mismanufactured products have been linked to serious problems, such as illness or death.
Even in the case of outsourcing, APIs are subject to strict regulations and supervision from their shipping countries. For example, API plants overseas are still subject to inspection by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
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New scheme for resource utilization of high-salt wastewater
Mixed salt reduction 96% tons of water to create 12 yuan
There is a new solution to the problem of high salt wastewater treatment that restricts the development of modern coal chemical industry. The reporter learned from the 2018 China Chemical Park Green Development Conference held on November 21 that the key technologies for the utilization of coal gasification high-density salt water crystallization by Sinopec Ningbo Engineering Co., Ltd. and East China University of Science and Technology have been completed for a period of three. The pilot test of the month has a good treatment effect.
The results of the pilot test show that the application of this technology to reduce the salt content by more than 96%, the output of sodium salt and calcium sulfate whisker products are in line with the current national standards, the economic benefits of tons of water treatment can reach 12.32 yuan, to achieve coal chemical industry Near zero emissions from wastewater treatment and efficient operation of the plant.
With the rapid expansion of the coal chemical industry, high-salt wastewater from coal chemical industry has become one of the main bottlenecks restricting the development of the industry. The near-zero discharge process of wastewater has become an important basis for environmental approval and project acceptance of domestic coal chemical projects. However, in the practice of engineering practice, the near-zero emission process has always had two major constraints, namely, the difficulty in handling mixed salt solid waste and the high cost of treatment. The cost per ton of water reuse has been greatly increased, and the waste of crystallized slag salt is as high as 3,000 yuan/ton. Disposal costs are even more difficult for companies to bear.
According to Chen Xin, deputy director of the environmental protection department of Sinopec Ningbo Engineering Co., in order to meet the urgent needs of the coal chemical industry, Sinopec Ningbo Technology Research Institute and East China University of Science and Technology jointly launched a technical research on the utilization of high-salt wastewater in coal chemical industry. The research and development work is carried out in four parts: pretreatment and impurity removal, high-salt wastewater preconcentration, organic matter removal, and high-salt wastewater crystallization.
In view of the water quality characteristics of high-salt wastewater from coal chemical industry, researchers use the combination of pretreatment purification technology, organic matter degradation and separation and crystallization to achieve green treatment and resource utilization of high-salt wastewater; The oxidation technology removes organic pollutants, suspended solids and other impurity elements in the wastewater, and effectively reduces the dosage of the scale inhibitor in the evaporation equipment while ensuring the quality of the inorganic salt product in the process of separation and crystallization. On this basis, scientific research personnel realize the recycling and utilization of sodium sulfate, sodium chloride and sodium nitrate through step-by-step crystallization, morphology control and anti-interference purification technology. At the same time, based on the reaction crystallization process control technology, researchers are fully Integrate the sulfate component and calcium-based waste of coal chemical high-salt wastewater to prepare high aspect ratio whisker products, realize high-value conversion and utilization of wastewater inorganic salt resources, and fully improve the economics of the separation and crystallization process.
The process was carried out in Ningxia, China for a three-month pilot test. The results show that the process can achieve more than 96% reduction of mixed salt, and the waste discharge is significantly reduced; the sodium sulfate, sodium chloride, sodium nitrate and calcium sulfate whisker products are all in line with the current national standards, of which sulfuric acid Calcium whisker performance is better than similar products in the domestic market; the plant achieves efficient operation, taking Ningxia as an example, the economic benefit of tons of water treatment can reach more than 12.32 yuan. On September 26, the technology was reviewed by experts from the Ministry of Science and Technology of Sinopec.
“The process is currently mainly used to treat high-salt brine in coal chemical industry. Compared with high-salt water quality in related industries, the process can also be applied in chemical, pharmaceutical, food processing, printing and dyeing industries,†Chen Xin said.