Basic characteristics of insulation materials

Insulating materials are typically defined as those with a thermal conductivity of 0.2 or lower. Using advanced insulation techniques and high-quality materials in both construction and industrial settings can lead to significant energy savings and cost reductions. For instance, each ton of mineral wool insulation used in buildings can save one ton of oil annually. Similarly, insulating industrial equipment and pipelines can dramatically cut down on energy consumption, reduce costs, improve environmental conditions, and deliver better economic returns.

These materials are generally lightweight, ranging from 10 to 96 kg/m³. At 20 kg/m³, they are soft and suitable for applications like soundproofing, while at 24–48 kg/m³, they are medium-hard and ideal for general use. At 48–96 kg/m³, they become rigid boards, often used for ceilings. The softening point is around 500°C, and they remain effective up to 300°C. In the U.S., they are widely used with a thermal conductivity (k-value) of approximately 0.9.

Calcium silicate insulation products were first developed in the 1970s. They offer excellent compressive strength, low thermal conductivity, ease of installation, and long-term durability. These features have made them popular in power generation systems and other high-temperature environments.

Most domestic production was initially carried out in small workshops. Later, four advanced production lines were imported from the U.S. This technology allows for fiberization, dry needling, and stable quality, enabling the material to withstand temperatures between 800°C and 1250°C.

Key characteristics include an acid ratio above 2.0, excellent heat resistance, and suitability for high-temperature applications such as chemical pipelines that operate at 1000°C. The melting point of these materials is around 2000°C, making them ideal for extreme conditions.

Foam insulation is made from synthetic resins and contains many tiny air pockets, which give it low thermal conductivity and good processability. It's commonly used in construction, but also in packaging, especially for refrigerators, underground pipelines, and cold storage facilities. The main types are polystyrene foam and polyurethane foam.

While these foams have been widely used in industries like packaging, their application in construction has faced some challenges. Recently, they have found new uses in wire mesh sandwich panels and color steel composite panels. Although there are limitations due to fire safety regulations, their development has been rapid. As building codes become stricter, the use of these materials is now being re-evaluated, leading to new opportunities and innovations in the field.

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