These waves have a wide range of applications, including navigation, radar systems, satellite communication, and industrial heating processes such as drying food, wood, and other light materials. In the medical field, microwaves are used for physiotherapy treatments. With the widespread use of microwave ovens in households, more people come into contact with microwaves daily. However, due to their low power levels, as long as the equipment meets safety standards, they generally do not pose any health risks.

Microwaves have short wavelengths and high frequencies, giving them higher energy compared to traditional high-frequency electromagnetic fields. They can be categorized into different bands, such as millimeter waves, centimeter waves, and submillimeter waves. Among these, centimeter waves are most commonly used, and most research on biological effects has focused on this band. Recently, the use of millimeter waves has increased, and their unique biological impacts are becoming more widely studied.

The potential harm of microwaves to the human body depends on factors like the power of the source, equipment leakage, shielding effectiveness, and the presence of protective measures during operation. Compared to high-frequency electromagnetic fields, microwaves may have a greater impact on health. Prolonged exposure can lead to functional changes, such as neurological symptoms, and in severe cases, irreversible damage to organs, such as cataracts caused by eye exposure to high-power microwaves.

1) Neurological Effects: Workers exposed to microwaves often report more frequent and persistent symptoms than those exposed to high-frequency electromagnetic fields. These may include fatigue, irritability, and difficulty concentrating. EEG results may show some abnormalities, but no definitive patterns have been identified.

2) Cardiovascular System: Symptoms such as palpitations, chest discomfort, and irregular heartbeats may occur. Blood pressure fluctuations are common, with some experiencing high blood pressure initially and others developing hypotension over time. ECGs may show sinus bradycardia, arrhythmias, or changes in T waves and ST segments.

3) Hematopoietic System: Some workers may experience a gradual decrease in white blood cells or platelets, though without signs of bleeding. These changes are thought to be influenced by coexisting low-energy X-rays in the workplace, and recovery usually occurs after leaving the environment.

4) Reproductive and Endocrine System: Women may experience irregular menstrual cycles, while men may report sexual dysfunction. Exposure to microwaves has been linked to reduced sperm count and temporary infertility. Some studies also suggest hormonal imbalances, such as hyperthyroidism.

5) Immune System and Genetic Effects: Research findings are mixed, mostly based on animal and laboratory studies. No clear conclusions have been drawn about long-term effects on humans.

Treatment typically involves symptomatic care using both traditional Chinese and Western medicine, with good results for neurological symptoms. For suspected eye lens opacity, an ophthalmological evaluation is recommended. Patients diagnosed with microwave-induced cataracts should avoid further exposure. Protective measures include shielding radiation sources, increasing distance from the source, and using personal protective equipment. According to China's "Hygienic Standard for Microwave Radiation" (GB10436-89), the permissible exposure limits are set at 50 μW/cm² for continuous waves and 25 μW/cm² for pulsed radiation, with daily exposure limits of 400 and 200 μW/cm² respectively.

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