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Combustion is a dramatic oxidation-reduction reaction that emits heat and emits light. All three must be performed at the same time.
Spontaneous combustion refers to the fact that certain combustible materials generate heat due to biological, physical, or chemical processes that occur within themselves without the action of an external heat source. As the self-heating and heat dissipation are in an unbalanced state, the heat builds up. Self-ignition caused by self-ignition.
The so-called "spontaneous ignition point" refers to the combustion heat emitted when the flammable substance is warmed up and heated, and the combustion heat released can make the substance evaporate a sufficient amount of flammable vapor to maintain the continued combustion. The minimum temperature required to heat the substance at this point is the ignition point of the substance.
The lowest temperature at which a flammable substance self-ignites when it is heated, and is called the point of spontaneous ignition of the substance.
2. What are the factors that affect the spontaneous combustion point?
(1) The higher the pressure, the lower the spontaneous ignition point.
(2) Catalysts are classified into active catalysts and pure catalysts. Active catalysts reduce the autoignition point of the material. Pure catalysts increase the autoignition point of the material.
(3) The spontaneous ignition point of flammable gas varies with its composition. When the composition of the mixture meets the reaction equivalent concentration, the autoignition point is the lowest. Increasing the oxygen concentration in the mixed gas will also reduce the autoignition point.
(4) When the temperature rises, the more volatiles are precipitated, the lower the autoignition point. The finer the solid crushed, the lower the autoignition point.
3, what is the flash point, flash fire?
The flash point is the minimum temperature at which internal combustion occurs when a mixture of vapour and air, which are volatilized from flammable liquids, forms a mixture. The flash point is different from the flash point, and the flash point is slightly lower than the flash point.
At a certain temperature, the combustible mixture of vapor and air on the surface of the flammable liquid forms a combustible mixture. In the event of an open flame, spontaneous ignition and instantaneous combustion occur. This phenomenon is called flash ignition.
4. What is the relationship between the specific gravity, the flash point, and the spontaneous ignition point?
The smaller the proportion of liquid fuel, the lower the flash point and the higher the autoignition point. The greater the proportion of liquid fuel, the higher the flash point and the lower the autoignition point.
5, what is the heating spontaneous combustion?
Combustible substances coexist with air. When heated to a certain temperature, they can self-ignite even if they are not in contact with an open flame. The phenomenon of continued combustion is called autoignition.
6. What are the three factors of burning?
Combustibles - Substances that react violently with oxygen or oxidants.
Combustion aids - substances that help or support combustion. Oxygen or various strong oxidants.
Fire source - An energy source that has a certain temperature and energy.
These three factors must exist at the same time, interact with each other, and have a certain amount of time to burn.
7. How does the combustion process proceed?
Combustion is a redox process. Most combustibles are burned in the gas phase. Solid combustibles are first burned by heat, melted and evaporated to steam. Combustible liquids are first evaporate by heat and become vapors and burn.
Evaporation → decomposition → combustion 8. What are the forms of combustion? What is the difference between mixing and diffusion combustion?
(1) According to the different combustion reaction phases, it is divided into homogeneous combustion and heterogeneous combustion.
(2) Combustion gas combustion has mixed combustion and diffusion combustion.
(3) The combustion of volatile flammable liquids is essentially the combustion of liquid vapors, which is called evaporative combustion.
(4) Combustible solid combustion, which is produced by the decomposition of flammable gases, is called decomposition combustion. Solid burning has a flame, so it is called flame burning.
Combustible gas is combusted with air and burned, known as mixed combustion. Combustible gas and air are mixed and burned on one side, which is called diffusion combustion. The mixed combustion reaction is rapid, the flame speed is fast, and the chemical explosion belongs to this form. Diffusion combustion, because oxygen is only part of the reaction zone to participate in the reaction, so often incomplete combustion of carbon black.
9. What is a pyrophoric substance and a water-burning substance?
Any substance that does not require an open flame, because it is subject to air oxidation or external heat, and the effect of heat on heating reaches a self-ignition point and can burn itself, is called a pyrophoric material.
Any substance that reacts with water and moisture, can decompose and produce flammable gas, and emits a quantity of people that causes combustion or explosion, and is called a water-burning substance.
10. What substances can spontaneously ignite in air or water?
Substances that are automatically heated and burned by air oxidation include white phosphorus, phosphine, and dry vegetable oil-impregnated fiber materials. Because these substances under the action of oxygen in the air, the heat released by the oxidation reaction will make its temperature rise automatically, and it will start burning when it reaches the auto-ignition point.
Materials that catch water and fire are: potassium, sodium, calcium phosphide, and activated metals. Under the action of these substances and water, flammable gases such as hydrogen, acetylene, and phosphine are generated on the one hand, and on the other hand, heat is released in the action to cause the combustible gas to ignite and burn.
11. How are flammable and flammable liquids classified?
Flammable liquids can be classified into four classes and two classes according to their flash points:
The first flash point is < 28°C.
The second flash point is ≥28°C to ≤45°C.
The third flash point >45°C to ≤120°C.
The fourth flash point> 120 °C.
The first- and second-grade liquids are called flammable liquids.
The third and fourth levels of liquid are called flammable liquids.
12. Why does the transformer catch fire?
Oil-immersed transformers are generally used in industrial production. There are many insulating oils inside the transformer. This oil is a flammable liquid with a flash point above 140°C. The coil of the transformer is made of cotton yarn or paper for insulation, and there are wooden supports. If the transformer is often overloaded and the temperature rises, it will cause a fire.
13. Why does the coal pile spontaneously ignite?
The oxidation reaction occurs inside the coal heap in contact with air. The heat generated by the oxidation reaction cannot be emitted, so the oxidation reaction is accelerated, so that the heat gradually accumulates in the coal bed, causing the internal temperature of the coal pile to continuously increase. When the temperature reaches the ignition point of the coal, the coal pile will automatically fire. .
Another reason is coal and water vapour phase, coal itself has a kind of adsorption capacity, water vapor can condense into a liquid state on its surface, and precipitate a lot of heat, when the coal pile temperature reaches a certain, due to oxidation, temperature When each burning point is reached, it will self-ignite.
Second, fire prevention measures 1, fire prevention and explosion of the principle and method is what?
The principle and method of prevention is to try to eliminate the three conditions that cause combustion and explosion.
(1) Control combustibles to prevent combustible gases, vapors, combustible dust and air from forming explosive mixtures. The principle, elimination or control of one or more of the three conditions of formation of the combustion will stop the combustion. (2) eliminate the source of fire. (3) Insulated air storage closed production.
2. What are the safety flame arresters?
Protective safety devices, signal safety devices, safety safety devices, interlock safety devices.
3. What is the purpose of the fire stop gate?
Fire gates are designed to prevent the spread of flames along the ventilation or production pipelines. Under normal circumstances, it is under the control of the fusible metal element and is in the open state. Once the temperature rises, the fusible metal melts and then falls automatically under the effect of the weight of the gate to close the pipeline, thereby protecting the fusible metal.
4. What are the hot work in flammable and explosive workshops?
(1) Everything that can produce sparks.
(2) Install a knife-shaped electrical switch.
(3) Install non-explosion-proof lamps.
(4) The steel tool beats work.
(5) Chiseled ash and hit wall.
(6) Use electric iron and so on.
5. What conditions should be met in a fixed fire zone?
(1) It is not less than 30m away from flammable and explosive buildings, equipments, pipelines, etc. (2) The indoor fixed fire zone should be separated from the dangerous source, the doors and windows must be opened and the road should be open.
(3) When the production is vented normally or an accident occurs, combustible gas cannot diffuse into the fixed hot zone.
(4) There must be obvious signs in the fixed area, no flammable debris should be piled up, and a certain number of fire extinguishing equipment should be deployed.
(5) The demarcation of the fixed fire zone shall be applied by the workshop and approved by the fire brigade and safety technical department after review by the director or chief engineer.
6. What formalities should the fire insurance permit be applied to?
(1) The hot work permit shall be handled by the person in charge of the hot fire from the application for the appointment of the special fire partner.
(2) Apply for the hot work unit to fill in and implement the safety measures in the fire in accordance with the requirements of the fire certificate.
(3) A grade 1 fire is approved by the plant's safety department; the second stage fire is approved by the workshop director; the special fire is approved by the factory director or chief engineer.
(4) Hot work must be carried out within the effective time approved by the hot work permit. Any person who postpones a fire or supplements a hot fire must renew his fire permit.
7. What are the safety requirements for hot work?
(1) Whenever a fire is burned on pipelines, containers and equipment for storage of flammable gases, flammable liquids, the source of flammables shall be cut off and isolated from the production system. After cleaning and replacement, the concentration of flammable gases shall conform to the following: The standard party is qualified:
The concentration of combustible gas or vapor with a lower explosion limit of more than 4% (by volume) should be less than 0.5%;
The concentration of combustible gas or vapor with a lower explosion limit of less than 4% (by volume) should be less than 0.2%.
(2) Clean up flammable or flammable substances at the site of hot work.
(3) Under normal circumstances, it is forbidden to bring materials, pressure, and fire.
(4) Fire extinguishing equipment and fire-fighting personnel should be set at the hot spot. After the fire is completed, the remaining fire should be extinguished before leaving the site.
8. What are the requirements for harmful substances and oxygen content when inspecting pipes and equipment entering combustible gases and toxic substances?
(1) The combustible gas is below 0.5%;
(2) Toxic gases must not exceed the maximum allowable concentration specified in air.
(3) The oxygen content is not higher than 22% and not lower than 18%.
9. What is the distance between the oxygen cylinder, acetylene generator and fire source?
The distance between the oxygen cylinder and the acetylene generator must not be less than 7 meters. The distance between the two and the fire source must not be less than 10 meters.
10. What are the hazards of wearing chemical fiber clothing in fire-fighting areas?
Because chemical fiber clothing generates friction during human limb movements, electrostatic sparks are easily generated, causing ignition and explosion of flammable gases in the air. At the same time, chemical fiber clothes can easily catch fire and stick to the skin after the fire, which will increase the degree of burns. No chemical fiber clothing is allowed in the fire area.
11. Why should smoking be prohibited in the factory area?
Chemical companies have a lot of explosive substances. If they smoke at will, they will bring cigarette butts to the fire-fighting zone. The temperature of cigarette butts can reach 700-800°C. It is very easy to cause a fire explosion accident. In order to prevent the occurrence of fire accidents, smoking is prohibited in the factory area.
12. What is cleaning and replacement?
Before the inspection of the fire, toxic materials equipment, pipeline internal water or steam and other solvents to wash, thoroughly remove flammable, hazardous substances, make it meet the requirements, this method is called cleaning.
Before the maintenance of the fire, replace the internal combustible gas and toxic gas with inert gas such as toxic substances, water, steam, and nitrogen in the equipment. This method is called replacement.
13. Why must I perform cleaning before the fire?
Chemical companies have explosive and hazardous materials in their equipment and pipelines. If they do not comply with the requirements, the hazardous substances in equipment and pipelines are thoroughly cleaned and replaced. Once mixed with air, flammable and explosive mixtures are formed. When the explosion limit is reached, fire and explosion accidents can occur when the fire source is encountered. If poisonous and harmful substances exceed the national maximum allowable concentration standards, poisoning accidents can also occur. Therefore, it must be cleaned and replaced before moving to ensure safety.
14. Why should I be isolated from the production system before the fire?
Because the equipment pipeline has various valve controls, due to the impact of internal media and chemical corrosion of the valve components in chemical production for a long time, the stringent performance is greatly weakened, and slight or partial leakage will always occur. In this way, flammable, explosive, and easily poisoned substances will leak to the place where the fire is inflammable or to the pipelines of equipment connected with the fire and form explosive gas. When a fire is encountered, it can cause fire, explosion or poisoning. The part must be isolated from the production system.
15. How to strengthen the management and maintenance of fire fighting equipment?
(1) Each unit of fire-fighting equipment should be responsible and maintained.
(2) Fire-fighting equipment must be designed for exclusive use, which cannot be related to fire protection.
(3) Regular maintenance inspections, regular maintenance, and ready to fight.
(4) Fire-fighting equipment should be placed in an obvious place for emergency use. No objects can be stacked near the fire equipment. Keep the road open.
16, what is the hot fire analysis, in the equipment pipeline inspection, hot fire analysis of qualified standards?
For half an hour before moving fire, to the flammable and explosive medium in the location of fire, equipment, and pipelines, toxic substances, oxygen content, or tests and chemical analysis of the surrounding environment are called dynamic analysis.
(1) Flammable gas: 0.5% (volume)
(2) Toxic gases must not exceed the maximum allowable concentration in the air;
(3) The oxygen content is not higher than 22% and not lower than 19%. (volume)
Third, the fire knowledge 1, what is the fire, it is different from the fire? What is the principle of fire fighting?
Fire refers to the continued burning and expansion after a fire, causing some damage. A fire is a fire that can be rescued in time, causing no loss or minimal damage.
Save people first and save things later. First control, then save. Save and edge alarm.
2. What are the methods of fire extinguishing?
(1) The method of suffocation: It is a method of insulating fire from the air and extinguishing the fire.
(2) Cooling method: It is the method of reducing the temperature of the burning material below the burning point and extinguishing the fire.
(3) Segregation method: It is a method of separating the fire substance from the unfired substance to make it extinguish.
(4) Inhibition method: It is the method of suppressing the development of fire with the chemical reaction and finally extinguishing it.
3. How does a person catch fire and save?
If you are on fire, don't panic, otherwise the more you run out of fire. Instead, it should be extinguished by rolling on the spot. If there is a clear water pool nearby, it can jump into the water and extinguish the fire. If the fire is not enough to take off the clothes, it should be quickly removed and the fire extinguished.
4. What is the purpose of the Mars extinguisher?
Mars fire extinguishers, also called fire caps, are generally installed in the emptying system of the Mars-generating equipment. Bringing the flue gas with Mars from a small volume into a large volume, resulting in reduced pressure, slower air flow, settlement of large and heavy Mars particles without flying out of the chimney, setting obstacles, changing the direction of smoke flow, and increasing Mars travels and extinguishes or setstling Mars, preventing Mars from flying to ignite the surrounding combustible material.
5. What is the principle of extinguishing fire extinguisher and the scope of fire extinguishing?
When the foam fire extinguisher is in use, the cartridge is turned upside down and contains sodium bicarbonate and foaming agent. The aluminum sulfate solution quickly mixes to produce a foam containing carbon dioxide gas and shoots it to the fire source with a certain pressure and covers the burning liquid. On the surface, the combustion isolates the air and extinguishes the fire.
Suitable for fighting solid materials or other flammable liquid fires. Can not be rushed to avoid bogey water and charged equipment fire.
6. What is the principle of extinguishing fire extinguishers and the scope of fire extinguishing?
The CO2 fire extinguisher is filled with carbon dioxide liquid. After the liquid carbon dioxide is converted into a gaseous state, its volume is 700 times larger than that of the original liquid. When it is ejected from the flared nozzle of a fire extinguisher, the part turns into a white snowflake, also known as “dry iceâ€. The temperature is very low (-76°C). Dry ice absorbs heat and vaporizes into carbon dioxide gas. Carbon dioxide gas is higher than air. Heavy, covering the surface of and around the incineration, the air on the surface of the incinerator is diluted and diluted, and when the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air is 30 to 35%, the combustion will stop.
Suitable for fighting electrical, precision instruments, fires of classes and acids. Can not put out fires such as potassium, sodium, magnesium and aluminum.
7. What is the principle of extinguishing fire extinguishers and the scope of fire extinguishing?
When carbon tetrachloride is sprayed onto the flame and it comes in contact with high temperatures, it will evaporate to vapor immediately. One kilogram of carbon tetrachloride can be vaporized into 145 liters of vapor. Such a gas is 4.5 times heavier than air. It can rapidly cover the combustion and its surroundings, insulate the air and spray it in the air. carbon. When the content reaches 10%, the flame is extinguished by suffocation.
Applicable to extinguish electrical equipment fires, and can not put out fires such as potassium, sodium, magnesium aluminum, etc.
8. What is the principle of extinguishing fire extinguisher and the scope of fire extinguishing?
The powdered fire extinguisher contains powders such as NaHCO3 and other major components. When the dry powder fire extinguisher discharges the fire-extinguishing powder and covers it on the burning material, it can constitute a barrier against combustion, and it also decomposes the incombustible gas by heating and reduces the oxygen content in the combustion zone. At the same time, the dry powder will also interrupt the combustion chain reaction, so the combustion quickly extinguishes.
Suitable for fighting oil, petroleum products, paints, organic solvents, natural gas equipment fires.
9. What is the principle and scope of fire extinguishing of "1211" extinguishing agent?
The fire extinguishing agent “1211†was able to extinguish the fire mainly because it was exposed to the combustion product and was heated to produce bromide ions, which immediately reacted with the hydrogen radicals generated in the combustion. The continuous reaction to combustion is quickly stopped and the fire is extinguished. At the same time there are certain, cooling and suffocation effects.
It is suitable for fighting initial fires such as oil, electrical equipment, and chemical fiber materials.
10. Why can water extinguish fire, and what kind of fire should not use water to save?
Water has a significant cooling effect. The heat capacity of water is greater than any liquid. To raise one liter of water by 1°C, one kcal of heat is required. When the water is burned to the surface of the burning material, the surface temperature of the burning material can be rapidly reduced to less than the burning point. At the same time, a litre of water can generate more than 1,700 liters of water vapor. The water vapor can dilute the concentration of combustible gas and flame retardant gas in the combustion zone, form no ignition mixture, and can prevent the oxygen in the air from reaching the incinerator. The fire is extinguished.
(1) A liquid substance that is lighter in proportion than water and cannot be contaminated with water is on fire and cannot be saved by water.
(2) Water is a kind of conductor, and it is easy for firefighters to get an electric shock when the electrical equipment is put out of fire, causing casualty accidents. Therefore, it is not advisable to put a fire on an electrified body.
(3) It is not possible to chemically react with water and decompose a combustible gas or fire that generates a large amount of heat.
(4) It is not possible to save hot metal or slag and molten salt. Because the water will quickly gasification, forming a lot of pressure, prompting the explosion of high-temperature materials hurt.
11. Why can't alcohol and electrical equipment use a foam fire extinguisher to extinguish fire?
Because alcohol is a good dissolving agent and the foam is dissolved after it encounters alcohol, there is no foam and no air can be isolated. Foam is a good conductor. When you extinguish electrical equipment, it is prone to electric shock, and the foam can contaminate and corrode electrical equipment.
Fire protection, explosion-proof safety knowledge
1, what is the combustion, spontaneous combustion, ignition, spontaneous combustion point?