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Analysis of the application and development of nonlinear spring suspension
In comparison, semi-active suspensions consume significantly less energy and are more commercially viable today as fuel costs continue to rise. Nonlinear suspensions, on the other hand, are passive systems that do not require additional energy input during operation to enhance ride comfort. As a result, they have gained widespread use in recent years. This article will explore the principles behind nonlinear spring suspensions and their practical implementation. To understand which nonlinear spring characteristics best improve both comfort and safety, we must first consider the design of linear suspensions.
A suspension system connects the vehicle body to the wheels, serving two main purposes: transmitting driving force from the wheels and absorbing shocks from the road surface to enhance ride quality. The key challenge in suspension design lies in balancing critical parameters such as spring stiffness and damping coefficient. A softer spring with lower stiffness can improve comfort but may increase tire dynamic displacement and load, requiring more space and potentially affecting stability during cornering. Conversely, a stiffer spring improves handling and stability but sacrifices comfort. In linear suspensions, it's nearly impossible to achieve both comfort and stability simultaneously, leading to compromises based on the vehicle type—some prioritizing comfort, others performance. These trade-offs often result in suboptimal designs.
To address this, nonlinear suspensions have emerged, offering variable stiffness. These systems are designed to be soft under small vibrations for better comfort and stiffen under larger disturbances to prevent excessive wheel movement and maintain stability. Various methods have been developed to implement nonlinear suspension behavior. Below, we discuss the working principles of different types of nonlinear springs.
One example is coil springs with varying pitch. When the spring is compressed, the section with smaller pitch begins to compress first, effectively reducing the number of active coils and increasing stiffness. This type is commonly used in motorcycle suspensions in China. Another variation involves springs with changing wire diameters. As axial force increases, the thinner sections deform more, eventually collapsing and reducing the effective number of coils, thereby increasing stiffness.
Air springs are also gaining popularity in automotive applications. They use air as the elastic medium, offering near-ideal nonlinear characteristics. By adjusting internal pressure, they can maintain a consistent body height regardless of load, allowing for the use of softer springs without compromising stability. Air springs come in two main types: capsule and membrane. Capsule-type springs are durable and easy to manufacture but tend to be stiffer, requiring additional chambers for softer performance. Membrane-type springs, including confined, free, and double-layer designs, offer greater flexibility in achieving desired stiffness profiles.