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Application effect of VC in culture
Vitamin C, also known as L-ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble compound that is colorless, odorless, and slightly acidic. It plays a crucial role in the health and performance of animals, especially those that cannot synthesize it on their own. Most aquatic species lack the ability to produce vitamin C internally, so they rely entirely on dietary sources. While many mammals, including livestock and poultry, can synthesize vitamin C in the liver or kidneys, this production may be insufficient under stressful conditions such as high temperatures, transportation, or disease. In such cases, adding vitamin C to their diets can significantly improve their overall performance and resilience.
In poultry farming, the inclusion of vitamin C in feed has shown remarkable benefits. Studies have demonstrated that adding 100–200 mg/kg of coated vitamin C to laying hens’ diets increases egg production rates, improves shell quality, and enhances fertility and hatchability. For example, Li Changzhong (1997) found that vitamin C supplementation increased egg production by 2.26% to 3.03% and improved hatchability by 1.69% to 3.54%. Similarly, Sun Yanming et al. (1997) reported a 9.16% increase in egg production when 200 mg/kg of vitamin C was added to drinking water for commercial hens. Pardne et al. (1985) observed that broilers supplemented with vitamin C had lower mortality from heat stress and higher weight gain, showing the importance of vitamin C in reducing stress and improving growth.
In pig production, vitamin C also proves beneficial. Adding 200 mg/kg of coated vitamin C to the diet of growing pigs increased daily weight gain by 5.68% and improved feed conversion efficiency. For piglets, 75–150 mg/kg of VC in their feed led to better growth and reduced incidence of diarrhea. Additionally, supplementing sows with 1 g of vitamin C per day increased litter size and live birth rate. In boars, vitamin C supplementation enhanced semen quality and quantity, which in turn improved sow fertility and farrowing rates.
In aquaculture, vitamin C is essential for improving the stress resistance and immune function of aquatic animals. It supports growth, bone development, and reproductive performance. Research shows that adding vitamin C to fish feed increases survival rates and weight gain, especially in rainbow trout infected with bacteria like *Vibrio anguillarum*. It also helps aquatic species tolerate hypoxia and low temperatures. For instance, adding vitamin C to the feed of *Litopenaeus vannamei* (white shrimp) improved their tolerance to ammonia nitrogen. High doses of vitamin C were found to enhance rainbow trout’s ability to handle oxygen fluctuations. Moreover, vitamin C reduces heavy metal toxicity and promotes healing in aquatic organisms.
Studies also highlight the role of vitamin C in fish reproduction. Ciereszko (1995) found that sperm quality in rainbow trout was linked to vitamin C levels in semen, with optimal effects seen at 130–270 mg/kg in feed. Blom (1995) noted that female rainbow trout showed increased egg weight and production with higher VC intake. Overall, vitamin C is a vital nutrient that supports animal health, performance, and productivity across various species.